The costs of adaptation in Punakha, Bhutan: Loss and damage associated with changing monsoon patterns
In Punakha District, late onset of monsoon rains and lower total amounts of monsoon rain decrease the availability of water for paddy rice irrigation. Farmers try to adapt by changing water-sharing arrangements, intensifying irrigation channel maintenance, and by shifting from rice to lower-yielding, rain-fed crops. A small minority can afford to buy gasoline pumps. For 87% of the survey respondents (N=273), the measures are not enough and/or entail extra costs. In addition, some adaptation measures are reported to cause conflicts between households and villages.
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